The Optus Glean promise: predictability
Three pillars. Three commitments. No exceptions.
Predictable cost. One fixed monthly fee, set against a defined scope and an annual indexed review. No variable hours. No surprise invoices. No padded callout charges. Budgeted once, paid by Direct Debit, reviewed once a year.
Predictable presence. The site is cleaned every day it is meant to be cleaned. A named primary cleaner is rostered to your contract, supported by a named relief who is already vetted, inducted, and trained on the same colour-coded system and IPC standard. The schedule does not depend on whether one person is available on one day.
Predictable freedom. A single point of accountability. One contract. One named manager. One number to call. Cleaning is no longer a problem the office has to manage — it is a service that runs.
Why cleaning in Ireland is structurally hard to get right
Most cleaning provision in Ireland — including in healthcare-adjacent settings — is delivered by a workforce that is structurally part-time and casual. A significant proportion of operatives across the sector also work as healthcare assistants in nursing homes, residential care, and acute hospitals. Cleaning shifts are typically taken when healthcare shifts are not available, and released when they are. This pattern is consistent with CSO labour data on accommodation, food, and administrative-support employment, and it is the underlying reason that buyers across Ireland encounter inconsistency from agencies they have contracted in good faith.
The pattern is reinforced by two background pressures specific to Ireland. Housing affordability limits the catchment for any role paying at or near the minimum wage. The Contract Cleaning Employment Regulation Order rate of €14.80 per hour for 2026, set under the Labour Court's sectoral employment framework, sits close enough to flexible care-sector pay that operatives drift toward whichever shift pays slightly more on the day. Both pressures pull cleaning staff away from contracted shifts and toward casual healthcare work.
The result, from the buyer's perspective, is the experience most practice managers, facilities leads, and procurement officers in Ireland describe: a clean that is half-completed when the contracted cleaner is available, missed entirely when they are not, and accompanied by recurring conversations with the agency about cover that may or may not arrive.
This is the structural problem Optus Glean is built to solve. Our operatives are fully PAYE-employed with guaranteed weekly hours, paid leave, and pension contributions under Irish auto-enrolment. They are paid above the ERO floor deliberately — because the structural reliability of the service depends on the cleaner choosing to remain in the role rather than rotating through casual healthcare shifts. A named primary cleaner is assigned to your site, supported by a named relief, both Garda-vetted and trained to Optus Glean's documented HIQA-aligned IPC standard.
Commercial Cleaning That Procurement Teams Can Trust
When you manage a corporate office, a multi-site operation, or a commercial premises in Ireland, the cleaning contract is not a minor line item. It is a critical part of your facilities management infrastructure. A poorly managed cleaning operation impacts staff health, employee satisfaction, client impressions, regulatory compliance, and ultimately your bottom line.
Yet the commercial cleaning market in Ireland is fragmented. Companies range from solo operators with no insurance to multinational FM firms that treat your premises as one of ten thousand sites. The challenge for procurement teams is finding a provider that combines professional capability with genuine accountability — a company large enough to deliver consistently but small enough to care about your specific site.
Optus Glean occupies that precise space. We are a full-service cleaning and facilities management company operating across all 26 counties of Ireland. We deliver contract cleaning, specialist cleaning, commercial laundry, and facilities support to corporate clients who demand documented quality, transparent pricing, and a single point of accountability.
What Is Contract Cleaning?
Contract cleaning is the outsourcing of regular cleaning operations to a professional cleaning company under a formal service agreement. Unlike ad-hoc cleaning where you call someone when the office needs attention, contract cleaning provides:
- A documented specification — Every task, every frequency, every standard is written down and agreed before the contract begins. This becomes the benchmark against which every clean is measured.
- Dedicated, trained personnel — The same team cleans your premises every shift. They know the building, the occupants, the standards, and the reporting requirements.
- Fixed, predictable pricing — A monthly invoice for an agreed scope of work. No fixed monthly fees apply surprises, no overtime ambiguity, no hidden charges.
- Quality inspection and reporting — Regular audits, issue tracking, and performance reports give you visibility into the service without having to manage it yourself.
- Compliance documentation — Method statements, risk assessments, COSHH data, insurance certificates, and Garda vetting records are maintained and available for your audit at any time.
For corporate clients, contract cleaning replaces the cost and complexity of managing an in-house cleaning team with a single, managed service that is documented, insured, and accountable.
Commercial Cleaning Pricing in Ireland
Pricing transparency is the single biggest gap in the Irish commercial cleaning market. Most competitors ask you to call for a quote without giving any indication of cost. This wastes everyone's time. Below are indicative pricing ranges for commercial cleaning in Ireland in 2026. Every Optus Glean contract is priced individually after a site survey, but these ranges give procurement teams a realistic starting point for budgeting.
Hourly Rates
| Service Type | Rate Per Hour | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Standard contract cleaning | €13 – €18/hr | Regular scheduled cleaning, minimum 3 months |
| Specialist cleaning | €18 – €25/hr | Deep cleans, healthcare, industrial |
| One-off / ad-hoc cleaning | €20 – €30/hr | No contract, short-notice bookings |
Per-Square-Metre Pricing
For procurement teams who prefer to budget based on floor area, per-square-metre pricing provides a clear benchmark:
| Frequency | Price Per m² Per Month | Example: 1,000m² Office |
|---|---|---|
| 5 days per week | €4.00 – €6.00/m² | €4,000 – €6,000/month |
| 3 days per week | €2.50 – €4.00/m² | €2,500 – €4,000/month |
| Weekly | €1.50 – €2.50/m² | €1,500 – €2,500/month |
Monthly Contract Ranges
| Office Size | Monthly Cost | Annual Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Small (up to 100m²) | €400 – €550 | €3,000 – €5,500 |
| Medium (100–500m²) | €550 – €800 | €5,500 – €10,000 |
| Large (500–2,000m²) | €800 – €2,500 | €10,000 – €16,000 |
| Enterprise (2,000m²+) | €2,500 – €5,000+ | €16,000 – €20,000+ |
All pricing is exclusive of VAT. Rates reflect compliance with the Employment Regulation Order (ERO) for contract cleaning operatives in Ireland. Optus Glean does not undercut legally mandated wages. Our staff are paid fairly, trained properly, and insured comprehensively. That is what makes the service consistent and reliable.
What ICCA Certification Means for Your Business
The Irish Contract Cleaning Association (ICCA) is the representative body for the contract cleaning industry in Ireland. ICCA membership and alignment signals that a cleaning company meets defined standards across several critical areas:
- Fair employment practices — ICCA members comply with the Employment Regulation Order for contract cleaning, paying legally mandated minimum rates and providing proper employment terms.
- Insurance adequacy — Members carry appropriate levels of public liability and employer's liability insurance.
- Training and development — Staff receive proper induction, ongoing training, and access to industry-recognised qualifications.
- Health and safety compliance — Members maintain documented health and safety management systems, risk assessments, and method statements.
- Garda vetting — All cleaning operatives are vetted before deployment.
For procurement teams evaluating cleaning tenders, ICCA alignment is a baseline quality indicator. It does not guarantee excellence on its own, but it eliminates the worst offenders — companies that undercut on price by paying below SEO rates, skipping insurance, or deploying untrained, unvetted staff. Optus Glean operates in full alignment with ICCA standards across all corporate cleaning contracts.
Building a Cleaning Specification for Your Premises
A cleaning specification is the documented scope of work that defines what is cleaned, how often, to what standard, and by whom. It is the single most important document in any cleaning contract, and it is where most procurement teams run into problems.
Too many cleaning companies provide vague specifications that say little more than "daily office clean." When standards slip six months into the contract, there is no documented benchmark to hold them against. Optus Glean takes a fundamentally different approach.
After a site survey, we build a detailed cleaning specification that covers:
- Every area of your premises mapped and listed by zone
- Specific tasks assigned to each zone (vacuuming, mopping, sanitising, dusting, etc.)
- Frequency of each task: daily, twice-weekly, weekly, monthly, quarterly
- Products and equipment to be used in each area
- Timing: before business hours, during hours, evening, overnight
- Quality standards: what "clean" looks like for each task and zone
- Reporting: how quality is measured, audited, and communicated to you
This specification becomes the contract's benchmark. Every quality audit measures compliance against it. Every performance report references it. If something is not right, the specification tells us exactly what should have been done and when. This level of documentation is what separates professional contract cleaning from a cleaner with a mop and a set of keys.
Cleaning Specification Guides for Procurement Teams
If you are a facilities manager or procurement professional preparing a cleaning tender, Optus Glean can provide guidance on building the right specification before you even go to market. We have developed internal specification templates for offices ranging from 50m² serviced suites through to 10,000m² corporate headquarters. These templates cover:
- Zone mapping by floor type and function
- Task matrices with frequency recommendations by zone type
- Consumable requirements and restocking schedules
- Quality KPIs and audit scoring frameworks
- Escalation procedures for service issues
Contact us to request a specification consultation. There is no obligation, and it will improve the quality of responses you receive regardless of which provider you ultimately choose.
Our Quality Inspection Programme
A specification only has value if it is enforced. Optus Glean operates a structured quality inspection programme across all corporate cleaning contracts:
- Daily sign-off sheets — Cleaning operatives sign off every task on every shift, confirming completion against the specification.
- Weekly supervisor inspections — A supervisor conducts a walk-through inspection of your premises at least once per week, scoring each zone against the specification. Issues are logged, actioned, and closed.
- Monthly quality audit reports — You receive a written report each month summarising inspection scores, issues raised, actions taken, and trends over time. This gives you full visibility without having to manage the cleaning yourself.
- Quarterly review meetings — We sit down with you every quarter to review contract performance, discuss any changes to your requirements, and plan ahead for seasonal needs such as deep cleans or refurbishment schedules.
If our inspection identifies a quality issue, we do not wait for you to notice it. We fix it, log it, and report it to you. That is proactive management, not reactive firefighting.
Our Services for the Corporate Sector
Optus Glean offers four core services that are most relevant to corporate and commercial clients. Each is detailed on its own dedicated page, and all can be combined into a single managed contract.
Office Cleaning
Daily, weekly, and monthly contract cleaning for offices of all sizes. Fixed pricing, documented specifications, and quality inspection programmes.
View service →Carpet & Floor Cleaning
Deep carpet cleaning, hard floor stripping and sealing, and periodic maintenance for corporate environments.
View service →Window Cleaning
Internal and external commercial window cleaning. Water-fed pole systems, rope access for high-rise, and scheduled maintenance programmes.
View service →Washroom Services
Managed washroom supplies, sanitary bins, soap dispensers, hand dryers, and air freshener units. Bundled with cleaning for a single-invoice solution.
View service →Multi-Site and National Contracts
For organisations with multiple premises across Ireland, Optus Glean provides a single-provider national contract. One point of contact manages your entire portfolio. One specification applies across all sites (adjusted for local requirements). One invoice covers everything.
Multi-site contracts offer several advantages:
- Consistency — The same quality standards, training, and inspection programme across every location
- Simplified procurement — One tender, one contract, one relationship to manage instead of coordinating multiple regional providers
- Volume pricing — Multi-site contracts benefit from economies of scale in staffing, equipment, and consumables
- Central reporting — A single monthly report covers all sites, with site-by-site breakdowns for your facilities team
We currently serve multi-site clients in retail, professional services, healthcare, and property management. Contact us to discuss your multi-site requirements.
Eco-Friendly Commercial Cleaning
Sustainability is increasingly a procurement requirement, not just a preference. Optus Glean offers an eco-friendly cleaning programme for corporate clients that reduces environmental impact without compromising on cleaning standards.
Our eco-friendly programme includes plant-based, biodegradable cleaning products carrying EU Ecolabel certification, microfibre cleaning systems that reduce water consumption by up to 90%, refillable dispenser systems that eliminate single-use plastic bottles, waste separation and recycling support, and reduced-chemical cleaning methods using steam and ionised water where applicable.
Eco-friendly cleaning is available at no additional cost on most commercial contracts. It supports your corporate ESG reporting and demonstrates environmental responsibility to employees, clients, and stakeholders.
Why Optus Glean for Corporate Cleaning
Transparent Per-Sqft Pricing
No vague quotes. No hidden charges. We provide per-square-metre pricing broken down by task, frequency, and zone so your procurement team knows exactly what they are paying for and why.
ICCA-Aligned Standards
We operate in full alignment with ICCA standards including SEO-compliant wages, comprehensive insurance, Garda vetting, documented training, and health and safety management systems.
Documented Quality Programme
Daily sign-off sheets, weekly supervisor inspections, monthly audit reports, and quarterly review meetings. Full visibility into your cleaning operation without having to manage it yourself.
One Provider for Everything
Office cleaning, carpet and floor care, window cleaning, washroom services, and facilities support under one contract. One relationship, one invoice, one standard across your entire premises.
Corporate Cleaning Specifications by Area
Every corporate premises has distinct zones, each with different cleaning requirements, frequencies, and standards. A one-size-fits-all approach leads to over-servicing low-traffic areas and under-servicing critical spaces. Optus Glean builds zone-specific cleaning specifications for every corporate contract. Below is what a typical corporate cleaning programme covers by area.
Open-Plan Office Areas
Open-plan offices are the most heavily used spaces in any corporate building. Desks, chairs, partitions, shared equipment, and floor surfaces all accumulate dust, debris, and bacteria throughout the working day. Our daily office cleaning specification includes vacuuming all carpeted areas and mopping hard floors, wiping and sanitising all desk surfaces, keyboards, telephones, and shared equipment, emptying and relining all waste bins and recycling stations, cleaning all internal glass partitions and screens, dusting window sills, ledges, and accessible surfaces, and spot-cleaning any marks or spills on carpets and upholstery. Weekly tasks include detailed dusting of all horizontal surfaces including shelving, filing cabinets, and monitor tops, cleaning of skirting boards and dado rails, and sanitising all light switches, door handles, and touch points throughout the office.
Meeting Rooms and Boardrooms
Meeting rooms and boardrooms are high-visibility spaces where your business makes its impression on clients, partners, and stakeholders. These spaces require a higher standard of presentation than general office areas. Our meeting room cleaning specification includes post-use cleaning of all table surfaces, chairs, and presentation equipment, vacuuming or mopping floors after each use where practical, cleaning and polishing all glass surfaces including whiteboards and screens, restocking refreshment supplies and ensuring crockery is clean and presentable, emptying bins and replacing liners, and checking and adjusting room temperature and air freshener units. For boardrooms with executive-grade furnishings, we apply specialist cleaning products appropriate to the surface materials — leather conditioning for seating, wood polish for conference tables, anti-static treatments for AV equipment.
Kitchen and Breakout Areas
Staff kitchens and breakout areas are among the most hygiene-critical spaces in any corporate environment. Food preparation surfaces, appliances, sinks, and shared tableware all require daily attention to prevent bacterial build-up and maintain a pleasant environment for staff. Our kitchen cleaning specification includes wiping and sanitising all work surfaces, splashbacks, and sinks, cleaning the exterior of all appliances including microwaves, fridges, kettles, and coffee machines, cleaning and sanitising dining tables and chairs, sweeping and mopping floors, emptying food waste and general waste bins, restocking dishwasher tablets, hand soap, and paper towels, and a weekly deep clean of appliance interiors, extraction fans, and behind-unit areas.
Washroom Cleaning and Hygiene
Corporate washrooms are cleaned at minimum twice daily on a standard five-day contract — once during the cleaning shift and once mid-day for high-occupancy buildings. Our washroom cleaning specification includes cleaning and disinfecting all WCs, urinals, and bidets, sanitising all wash basins, taps, and countertops, cleaning and polishing all mirrors, replenishing soap, hand towels, toilet tissue, and sanitary consumables, emptying and sanitising all waste receptacles, mopping floors with antimicrobial solution, cleaning all cubicle partitions, doors, and handles, and descaling taps, shower heads, and drainage outlets on a weekly cycle. For buildings with high footfall, we offer supplementary mid-day washroom checks where a dedicated operative ensures consumables are stocked and presentation standards are maintained throughout business hours.
Reception and Common Areas
Reception areas, lobbies, corridors, staircases, and lift lobbies are the first and last impression visitors have of your business. These areas require immaculate presentation at all times. Our specification includes vacuuming or mopping all floor surfaces daily, cleaning all glass entrance doors and screens, polishing reception desks, counters, and signage, cleaning lift interiors including panels, buttons, and mirrors, cleaning handrails and balustrades on staircases, maintaining entrance matting and barrier mats, and dusting artwork, plants, and display units. High-traffic entrance areas may require spot-mopping during business hours to maintain appearance during wet weather.
Multi-Site Corporate Cleaning Management
Managing cleaning across multiple office locations creates significant procurement and quality assurance challenges. Different providers in different cities deliver different standards. Reporting is fragmented. Costs are difficult to benchmark. And when something goes wrong at a remote site, there is no single person accountable.
Optus Glean provides single-contract, multi-site corporate cleaning across all 26 counties of Ireland. This means one procurement process, one specification adapted for each location, one quality management system, one monthly report covering all sites, and one account manager who is responsible for every location in your portfolio. Multi-site clients receive consolidated monthly reporting that benchmarks each site against the others, identifying outliers, trends, and opportunities for improvement. Volume pricing applies across the total contract value, delivering better rates than you would achieve by negotiating site-by-site with local providers.
We currently manage multi-site cleaning contracts for professional services firms, financial institutions, technology companies, and public sector organisations across Ireland. Contact us to discuss your multi-site requirements or request a bundled facilities management proposal that covers cleaning alongside washroom services, window cleaning, and more.
Cleaning Schedules for Corporate Environments
A well-structured cleaning schedule is the backbone of any corporate cleaning contract. It ensures every area receives the right level of attention at the right frequency, with nothing overlooked. Below is a typical cleaning schedule framework for a mid-sized corporate office of 500 to 2,000 square metres.
| Task | Frequency | Areas Covered |
|---|---|---|
| Vacuuming / mopping | Daily (5 days/week) | All office, corridor, reception, kitchen areas |
| Desk sanitisation | Daily | All workstations, shared desks, hot-desk areas |
| Washroom deep clean | Daily (twice for high-occupancy) | All washroom facilities |
| Kitchen cleaning | Daily | All kitchens, breakout spaces, tea points |
| Bin emptying | Daily | All waste and recycling stations |
| Detailed dusting | Weekly | All surfaces, shelving, equipment, skirting |
| Internal glass cleaning | Weekly | Partitions, meeting room glass, screens |
| Carpet spot treatment | As required / weekly check | All carpeted areas |
| Hard floor machine scrub | Monthly | Reception, corridors, kitchen floors |
| Deep carpet extraction | Quarterly | All carpeted areas |
| High-level dusting | Quarterly | Light fittings, ceiling vents, high ledges |
| External window cleaning | Quarterly / bi-monthly | All accessible and high-level windows |
This schedule is a starting point. After the site survey, we adjust frequencies and add tasks based on your specific building, occupancy patterns, and standards. The finalised schedule forms part of the contract specification and is the benchmark for every quality audit.
What Our Corporate Clients Say
“We switched to Optus Glean after years of inconsistent service from two different providers. Having one team manage cleaning across our three Dublin offices has transformed our facilities operation. The monthly quality reports give us complete visibility, and the account manager is responsive and proactive. Our cleaning costs actually decreased by 18% while the standard improved measurably.”
— Facilities Director, professional services firm, 3 offices across Dublin
“The specification process alone was worth the switch. Our previous cleaning company never gave us a written specification, so we had no way to measure quality. Optus Glean mapped every zone of our building, documented every task and frequency, and now we get weekly inspection scores. When something needs attention, they fix it before we even notice.”
— Office Manager, technology company, Cork city centre
“As a company with sensitive data handling requirements, Garda vetting and security clearance for cleaning staff is essential, not optional. Optus Glean provided full vetting documentation for every operative assigned to our premises and maintains it proactively. That level of compliance documentation gives our security team confidence.”
— Head of Security, financial services firm, Dublin 2
Request a Commercial Cleaning Quote
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Frequently asked questions
How much does office cleaning cost in Ireland in 2026?
A corporate office is priced as a fixed monthly fee per site (or per floor, for multi-tenant buildings), tied to a defined scope and frequency. The Contract Cleaning ERO 2026 sets a €14.80/hour labour floor across the sector, but reputable providers quote the contract — multi-year term, annual indexed review, single monthly Direct Debit — not the hour. Pre-opening reset windows and out-of-hours deep cleans are inside the fee.
What standards apply to office cleaning in Ireland?
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 obliges the employer to maintain a safe workplace, supported by the General Application Regulations 2007. The cleaning programme should produce a documented audit trail — chemical SDS, signed-off task records, training register — that supports the office manager's safety statement and ESG reporting on supply-chain labour standards.
Why is cleaning consistency such a problem in Irish office buildings?
Most Irish cleaning provision is delivered by part-time or casual operatives, frequently subcontracted from one agency to another without disclosure, often paid at or near the ERO floor with no continuity to the site. The result is a different cleaner most weeks, no real quality baseline across floors, and tenant complaints that surface six months into a 36-month contract.
What does ESG-aligned cleaning supply actually mean?
ESG-aligned cleaning means the labour in your supply chain is documented and lawful: PAYE-employed staff (not casual), paid above the Contract Cleaning ERO €14.80/hour floor, with paid leave and PRSI/pension contributions. It also means the chemical regime has SDS on file, waste streams are tracked under the Waste Management Acts, and the provider can answer a tenant or auditor question on day one. ESG is not a sticker — it is auditable supply-chain integrity.
What's the difference between PAYE and casual cleaning contracts in corporate?
A PAYE-employed cleaner is on payroll with the company that signs the contract, paid above the Contract Cleaning ERO floor, with paid leave and pension. A casual or self-employed operative is none of those things — and is often subcontracted in via a labour agency the buyer never signed with. PAYE staffing is the only model that supports a named primary cleaner per floor with continuity, and the only one that survives an ESG supply-chain audit.
How do I evaluate a cleaning provider for a multi-floor office?
Three checks. One: are the operatives PAYE-employed by the company that signs the contract, or subcontracted? Ask for a written commitment, not a tagline. Two: who is the named primary cleaner and named relief per floor or zone? Three: can the provider produce a transparent reporting pack — daily/weekly logs, audit scores, tenant feedback — that ties scope to evidence?
What should be in a cleaning contract for a corporate office?
Scope and frequencies per zone (workstations, meeting rooms, washrooms, kitchens, lift lobbies, reception), pre-opening reset window, named primary cleaner and named relief, the chemical regime with SDS, ESG and supply-chain confirmations, fixed monthly fee, annual indexed review, transparent KPIs and reporting, and a clean exit clause. No per-hour pricing. No undisclosed subcontracting.
How often should an office be professionally cleaned?
A typical corporate office runs a daily out-of-hours core clean (workstations, washrooms, kitchens, communal areas), a pre-opening morning reset where occupancy is heavy, weekly periodic tasks (high-level dusting, glass), and quarterly or six-monthly deep cleans (carpets, soft furnishings, fabric). In Ireland, multi-tenant buildings often add a midday washroom check and lift-lobby reset.
How Optus Glean handles staff shortages
Every Optus Glean contract is staffed on a redundancy model rather than a single-person model. A named primary cleaner is assigned to the site at contract start. A named relief is assigned alongside them. Both are PAYE-employed by Optus Glean, both are Garda-vetted, both are inducted on the site's specific layout, access protocols, and colour-coded equipment system, and both are trained to the same documented HIQA-aligned IPC standard. Substitution is built into the contract from the first day, not arranged on the day cover is needed.
Sick day cover. When the primary cleaner is unable to work, the named relief is deployed. The office site contact is notified by 06:30 on the morning of the absence by SMS or email, with the name of the relief who is attending. The relief follows the same task list, uses the same equipment, and finishes within the same window. The standard of clean is unchanged because the relief was prepared for this scenario before the absence happened.
Annual leave cover. Annual leave is rostered weeks in advance and the relief is scheduled to cover the full leave period. The office is informed at the start of the leave period — not on the morning leave begins. This is the same model used in clinical rota management: known absences are pre-staffed, not improvised.
Long-term cover. If the primary cleaner is absent for more than two weeks (extended illness, parental leave, bereavement leave), cover is drawn from the wider trained bench rather than relying on the single named relief. The office is kept informed of the cover plan, the named individuals involved, and the expected duration. Continuity of standard is maintained because every operative on the bench is trained to the same documented standard.
Permanent reassignment. If the primary cleaner moves to a new permanent role within Optus Glean — promotion, relocation, retirement — the relief is promoted to primary on a planned timetable, a new relief is trained on the site, and both are introduced to the office before the handover takes effect. There is no day on which the office discovers, after the fact, that their cleaner has changed.
Substitution is Optus Glean's operational problem, not the office's risk to absorb. The buyer pays a fixed monthly fee for a defined scope to be delivered, every day it is meant to be delivered. The mechanism by which we deliver it — primary, relief, bench, retraining — is our cost to manage and our risk to carry.
Last reviewed: 2026-05-06